Standardization of Botanicals Volume-2

AUTHOR: Dr. V. Rajpal
PUBLISHER: Eastern Publishers
ISBN: 9798190018196
YEAR: 2005 – First Edition, 2008 – Reprinted
PAGES: 361
SIZE: 18.5 X 24.5 X 2.5 cm.
BINDING: Hard
LANGUAGE: English

ABOUT THE BOOK: Testing of medicinal herbs and their derivatives like extracts, phytochemicals, oleoresins etc has all along been a difficult and controversial subject due to the complex nature of the active constituents of the medicinal herbs found wild or cultivated in various regions of the world. An effort is on to include, at least some testing methods, in various pharmacopoeias but there is still a wide gap between the medicinal herbs and their testing methods. This book containing 25 monographs of medicinal herbs fills that gap in knowledge base with detailed, ready to use and validated extraction processes and methods of testing to be performed in a well-equipped testing laboratory.
Volume I with 25 monographs was published in 2002 which was perhaps one of the very few books providing specifications and testing methods for various types of herbal extracts like soft extracts, dry extracts and phytochemicals. Most of the data provided was based on the hands-on experience of the author Dr. V. Rajpal who has been constantly associated with the testing as well as processing of medicinal herbs and their derivatives since 1976 in an industrial setting. His experience of providing consultancy for setting up herb processing and testing laboratories led to his in-depth knowledge of problems faced by the herb processing factories and quality control laboratories.
Since 2002 Dr. V. Rajpal had been working on 25 other commonly used medicinal herbs in India as well as other countries. He has collected all the data with latest national and international references to make the all-new 25 monographs complete and up-to-date.
Each monograph provides the following information:
    • Distribution and description of the plant
    • Chemical constituents and chemical structures
    • Extraction processes
    • Specifications of extracts and phytochemicals
    • Testing procedures, Biological activities
    • Toxicity and safety aspects, Properties and uses
    • Therapeutic indications, Dosage and References
WHO SHOULD BUY THIS BOOK
    • Manufacturers of herbal extracts
    • Manufacturers of herbal formulations
    • Manufacturers of herbal cosmetics
    • Manufacturers of nutritional supplements
    • Testing laboratories
    • Research Institutions
    • Herb growers
    • Academic institutions
    • Regulatory affairs specialists

ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Dr. Rajpal obtained his doctorate in phytochemistry in 1976 and since then has been associated with the herb processing and testing of botanicals, their extracts and phytochemicals in an industrial setting. He also provides consultancy services to various companies in this sector. He is presently working as a Technical Director with a company engaged in extraction of botanicals.

CONTENTS:
Preface

1. Adhatoda vasica Nees
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Adhatoda vasica leaf (Vasaka) Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Identification of Alkaloids by HPTLC
        ii. Estimation of Vasicine by HPLC
        iii. Procedure for Estimation of Total Alkaloids
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

2. Aegle marmelos Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description Of The Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Aegle marmelos Fruit Powder
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Imperatorin
        ii. Total Alkaloids
        iii. Mucilages
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. Dosage
    j. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    k. References

3. Aesculus hippocastanum
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Extraction of Seeds
        ii. Extraction of Seed Skin (Integument)
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Aesculus hippocastanum Dry Extract – Spray dried powder
        ii. Beta Escin
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Aescin in Aesculus Hippocastanum (Horsechestnut) Extract
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

4. Ammi majus
    a. Distribution and Description Of The Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
        i. Xanthotoxin (Methoxsalen)
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Xanthotoxin (Methoxsalen)
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Testing by HPLC Procedure
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References

5. Artemisia annua
    a. Distribution and Description Of The Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Artemisia annua herb Thick Paste
        ii. Artemisinin
        iii. Artemether
        iv. Arteether
        v. Artesunate
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Artemisinin
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

6. Asparagus racemosus Willd
    a. Distribution and Description Of The Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Saponins
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

7. Azadirachta indica A. Juss
    a. Distribution and Description Of The Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Extraction Process of Leaf Extract
        ii. Extraction Process of Bark Extract
        iii. Process of isolation Gedunin - an antimalarial compound of Neem bark
        iv. Extraction Process of Azadirachtin from Neem Seeds
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Dry Extract
        ii. Azadirachta indica (Neem) Bark Dry Extract
        iii. Azadirachtin
        iv. Azadirachta indica (Neem) Seed Kernel Oil
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Thin Layer Chromatographic System of Azadirachtin
        ii. Determination of bitterness value in Neem leaves, bark and seed extracts
        iii. Determination of Total Bitters
        iv. Estimation of Azadirachtin In Neem Products by HPLC method
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

8. Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Coleus forskohlii Root Powder
    e. Testing Methods
        i. GLC Method of Assay of Forskolin
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. References

9. Crataeva nurvala Buch – Ham
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Crataeva nurvala Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Saponin in Crataeva nurvala Extract
        ii. Estimation of Lupeol by HPLC
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. Dosage
    j. References

10. Curcuma longa Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description Of The Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Extraction Process of Curcuminoids 95.0% and above
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Curcuminoids
        ii. Curcuma longa Dry Extract
        iii. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Soft Extract (Oleoresin)
        iv. Curcuma longa Rhizomes Oil
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation Of Curcumin and Colour Value by Spectrophotometric Methods
        ii. Estimation by HPLC
        iii. Estimation by Alkalimetric Method [E. Merck]
        iv. TLC System for Curcuminoids
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity Studies and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

11. Gloriosa superba Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Colchicine
        ii. Gloriosa superba rhizomes Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Colchicine by HPLC Procedure
        ii. TLC System for Colchicine and other Alkaloids
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. References
    k. Additional References

12. Glycine max Merrill
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Process Flow Of Soya Bean Extraction
    d. Extraction Processes
        i. Solvent Extraction Process
        ii. Isolation and Purification of Lecithin
        iii. Isolation of Choline Phosphatide
        iv. Preparation of Liposomes
        v. Characterization of Liposomes
        vi. Process of Soya – Phytochemical Extract (SPE)
        vii. Process for manufacturing Tocopherols and Phytosterols from oil refineries waste
    e. Specifications Sheet
        i. Soya bean Extract
        ii. Soya Isoflavones Powder
        iii. Soya Lecithin Paste
        iv. Soya Lecithin Powder
        v. Soya sterols Powder
        vi. D-Delta-Rich mixed Tocopherols
    f. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation Method of Soya Sterols in Various Fractions of Soya
        ii. Assay for Total Tocopherol
        iii. G C Determination of Sterols and Tocopherols In D.O
        iv. HPLC Analysis Procedure of Isoflavones in Extract or Supplements
        v. Estimation of Saponins in Soya Phytochemical Extract [SPE] and other Soya Products
        vi. HPLC Analysis of Choline Phosphatide in Commercial Lecithin Paste / Powder / Preparations
    g. Biological Activities
    h. Contraindications and Safety Aspects
    i. Toxicity and Safety
    j. Properties and Uses
    k. Dosage
    l. References
    m. Additional References

13. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall ex DC
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Kurchi) Bark Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Total Alkaloids
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

14. Lagerstroemia speciosa [L.] Pers.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Lagerstroemia speciosa (Banaba) leaves Dry Extract-spray dried powder
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Corosolic Acid by HPLC
        ii. Estimation of Total Tannins
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

15. Matricaria recutita Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Matricaria recutita flowers Soft Extract
        ii. Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile) Oil
    e. Testing Methods
        i. TLC System for Essential Oil
        ii. TLC System For Flavonoids
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Safety and Toxicity Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. References
    k. Additional References

16. Ocimum sanctum Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Oleoresin
        ii. Process for Dry Extract
        iii. Process of Ocimum sanctum leaves Juice Extract
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Ocimum sanctum Leaves Dry Extract
        ii. Processed Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaves Thick Paste (Oleoresin)
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Ursolic Acid in Extract
        ii. Determination of volatile oil and its analysis
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. Dosage
    j. References
    k. Additional References

17. Phyllanthus emblica Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Phyllanthus emblica extract powder
        ii. Extraction Process of Oil Soluble Phyllanthus emblica Extract
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Processed Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Fruit Dry Powder
        ii. Emblica officinalis (Fresh Amla Juice) Dry Extract – Spray Dried Powder
        iii. Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) fruit oil Soluble Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Determination of Tannins by the method published by WHO
        ii. Testing Procedure of Tannins by U.S.S.R.P X Method
        iii. Analysis of Tannins by High performance capillary electrophoresis [HPCE]
        iv. Assay Of Ascorbic Acid by HPLC
        v. Estimation of Ascorbic acid by IP-1996 method p. 67
        vi. TLC System for Ascorbic Acid
        vii. TLC System for Gallic Acid
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

18. Piper nigrum
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Extraction Process for Oleoresin
        ii. Extraction Process for Dry Powder
        iii. Extraction of Piperine
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Piper nigrum Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Piperine in Piper Nigrum Dry Extract
        ii. Estimation of Piperine in Piper Nigrum Extract by HPLC
        iii. Estimation by Spectrometric Method
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

19. Podophyllum emodi Wallich
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Podophyllum Resin
        ii. Podophyllotoxin
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Podophyllum Resin
        ii. Podophyllotoxin
        iii. Etoposide
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Podophyllotoxin by HPLC Procedure
        ii. By TLC – UV Spectrophotometer
        iii. Assay as per IP- 1966 Procedure
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Indications
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

20. Psoralea corylifolia Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
        i. For Dry Extract
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Psoralea corylifolia (Babchi) Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. By HPLC Method
        ii. By Spectrophotometric Method
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Functions
    i. Dosage
    j. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    k. References
    l. Additional References

21. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
        i. For Dry Extract
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Pterocarpus marsupium Wood Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Estimation of Total Tannin Compounds
        ii. Analysis of Epicatechin and other Flavonoids by Gas Chromatography as Trimethylsilyl Derivatives
        iii. HPLC method of analysis of – Epicatechin
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Properties and Uses
    i. Therapeutic Functions
    j. Dosage
    k. References
    l. Additional References

22. Sida cordifolia Linn.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Sida cordifolia root Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Ecdysterone by HPTLC - Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1999, Vol.II
        ii. Procedure for Estimation of Total Alkaloids as Ephedrine
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Functions
    i. Dosage
    j. Toxicity
    k. Safety Aspects and Adulterants
    l. References
    m. Additional References

23. Taxus wallichiana Zucc.
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Taxol
    e. Testing Methods
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Toxicity and Safety Aspects
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. Dosage
    j. References
    k. Additional References

24. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Process
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Terminalia arjuna Dry Extract
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Testing Procedure of Tannins (By U.S.S.R.P. Method) In Terminalia arjuna Bark (Arjuna) Extract
        ii. Testing Procedure of Triterpenic Glycosides by Liberating Sapogenins
        iii. Testing Procedure of Triterpenic Glycosides by Gravimetric Method
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. Dosage
    j. References
    k. Additional References

25. Terminalia chebula Retz
    a. Distribution and Description of the Plant
    b. Chemical Constituents
    c. Extraction Processes
        i. Extraction process of Tannic Acid
        ii. Extraction process of Ellagic Acid
    d. Specifications Sheet
        i. Terminalia chebula Dry Extract
        ii. Tannic acid-Pharmacopoeial grade
    e. Testing Methods
        i. Testing Procedure of Tannins (By U.S.S.R.P. Method) in Terminalia chebula Fruit (Harir) Extract
        ii. HPLC Procedure for Analysis of Tannins P. 1755 U.S.P XXIV
    f. Biological Activities
    g. Properties and Uses
    h. Therapeutic Indications
    i. Dosage
    j. References

26. Annexures
    a. Annexure – 1 Ayurveda Institutes In India
    b. Annexure – 2 World Herb Associations

27. Index of Chemical Constituents