A Handbook of Bio Energy Crops
ABOUT THE BOOK: This book is done on a purpose to illustrate the
different crops currently available and that could be grown as sources for food,
medicine, industrial purposes and as a renewable raw material for energy. In
olden days, all products used by Man were based on renewable resources. Because
of the biotechnological, industrial revolution and rapid development in chemical
industry during this century, most of the renewable products disappeared, or
their market share was significantly reduced. Synthetic product mainly derived
from non-renewable fossil fuels were cheaper, offered better material properties
and more attractive to the consumer than natural products perceived as
'old-fashioned'. Now renewable resources sources can afford a considerable
market share in areas because of the development in the field of biotechnology,
where they offered specific advantages.
The Botanical Survey of India has identified about 400 plants which yield
vegetable oil. Among the 400 plant species 60 most potential and important
sources of bio-energy crops were described in this book. The morphology of the
useful parts and the various uses such as food, medicine and the various
chemical constituents present in the plants are enumerated. From an agricultural
point of view the possible benefits of these energy crops could provide new
value-added renewable products and employment in farming and related industries.
It can strengthen the economy of the country mainly in the rural areas.
Regarding environment, these energy crops could enhance biodiversity by
broadening the number of crop species grown in a certain area or different
places according to the ecological conditions. From the economic point of view,
these energy crops could contribute for the important developments and reduce
the dependency on products from developing countries. It could improve the
balance of payments of our country.
Now, India is facing a serious threat in fossil fuel resources as well as
various concomitant environmental disasters.
The fossil resources were limited and could no longer be considered a cheap and
reliable raw material. Further, consumer attitudes were changed and it was
realized that many industrial products and processes could seriously damage the
environment. Fossil resources could be saved for future generations, which has
been an important objective of 'sustainable development'. These energy crops
could be used in multi purpose namely for energy, food, medicine and industrial
uses including paints, lubrications, etc. Bio-based products have lower carbon
dioxide emissions than products derived from fossil resources, will help to
reduce global warming. By using and adapting nature's own production, industrial
processing steps could be made simpler, milder, and more environmentally.
The book is fed with the information of scientific classification, Botanical
name, common names, distribution, description, ecology, yield potential,
germplasm, chemical constituents, folk medicine and their different uses of
bio-energy crops. According to the usage of the plant products the plants were
classified into two groups namely plants with Edible vegetable oil in Section 1
and plants with Non-Edible vegetable oil in Section 2 of this book. This book
will be very useful for a wide range of interested groups such as farmers,
industrialists, U.G and P.G students of Science, Agri and Horticulture,
Medicinal biotechnology and researchers.
AUTHORS: V. N. Meena Devi, G. S. Vijayalakshmi and P. Nagendra Prasad | ISBN: 9788177543674 | YEAR: 2008 | PAGES: 292 | SIZE: 19 X 25 X 2 cm. | BINDING: Hard | LANGUAGE: English
ABOUT THE AUTHORS:
1.
V.N. Meena Devi (b.
September 06, 1982) is working as Research scholar at Sri Paramakalayani Centre
for Environmental Sciences, Alwarkurichi (TN) and Lecturer in Dept. of Physics
at the same institute.
2. Dr. G. S. Vijayalakshmi (b August 20, 1946), is Professor of
Environmental Sciences at Sri Paramakalayani Centre for Environmental Sciences,
Alwarkurichi (TN). She has 39 years of research and 30 years (UG and PG) of
teaching experience. Her Doctoral thesis was on Hydrobiology of a tropical
estuary at Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Protonovo-Annamalai
University and Post Doctoral Work on Composite Fish Culture using Biogas Plant
Effluents. She has 165 of research publications and 3 books to her credit. She
is serving as Member of Governing Body, Madurai Community College, Faculty of
Science, M.S. University, Board of Studies, Avinashilingam Institute for Home
Science and Higher Education for Women (Deemed University) and Honorary Member,
Professional Women's Advisory Board, American Biographical Institute, U.S.A. She
has been awarded by Learned Bodies the important are Excellence award by
Thenkasi Rotary Club (1991), women of the year award (1997-1998 - American
Biographical Institute, U.S.A.), distinguished women Award (1998-American
Biographical Institute, U.S.A.), best Co-ordinator award (2001) by department of
Environment, Tamilnadu, Popularization of Science Award (2002) TNSCST,
Government of Tamilnadu, Lifetime Achievement Award (2003), United Writers
Association, Chennai.
3. Dr. P. Nagendra Prasad (b. May 20, 1954) is Reader and Head, Sri
Paramakalayani College, Alwarkurichi (TN). He has 30 years of research and 22
years of teaching experience. He did Ph. D. on Medicinal plants from Centre for
Advance Study in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai. He has 25 research
papers to his credit.
CONTENTS:
A. INTRODUCTION
a. Energy Plantation
b. Bio-Energy
c. Biomass as a Source of Energy
d. Petroleum Plants
1. Acrocomia aculeate (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart (Macauba Palm)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Uses
2. Arachis hypogaea Linn. (Peanut)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Energy
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
3. Avena sativa Linn. (Oats)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
4. Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. (Brazil Nut)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Uses
5. Brassica alba Linn. (White Mustard)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
6. Brassica napus Linn. (Rapeseed)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Germplasm
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
j. Biodiesel
7. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Gold-of-Pleasure)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
8. Carthamus tinctorius Linn. (Safflower)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
9. Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. (Koch Pecan)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
10. Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (Pequi)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
11. Cocos nucifera Linn. (Coconut Palm)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
12. Coffea arabica Linn. (Coffee)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Chemical Constituents
d. Folk Medicine
e. Uses
13. Coriandrum sativum Linn. (Coriander)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
14. Corylus avellana Linn. (Hazelnut)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Ecology
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
15. Cucurbita foetidissima (Linn.) kunth (Buffalo Gourd)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
16. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Oil Palm)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
17. Garcinia indica (Choicy Kokum)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
18. Glycine max (Linn.) Merr (Soybean)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Germplasm
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
j. Biodiesel
19. Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass (Niger)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Germplasm
f. Chemistry
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
20. Helianthus annuus Linn. (Sunflower)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
21. Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. (Kenaf)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Germplasm
d. Ecology
e. Yield Potential
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
22. Juglans regia Linn. (English Walnut)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Germplasm
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
23. Lupinus albus Linn. (Lupine)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
24. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Macadamia Nuts)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Germplasm
d. Ecology
e. Yield Potential
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Uses
25. Mauritia Flexuosa Linn. (Buriti Fruit)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
26. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Ben Oil)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Germplasm
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Folk Medicine
h. Uses
27. Olea europaea Linn. (Olive)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
28. 0rbignya martiana Barb. Rodr. (Babassu Palm)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
29. Oryza sativa Linn. (Rice)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
30. Papaver somniferum Linn. (Opium Poppy)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
31. Persea americana P. Mill. (Avocado)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
32. Platonia insignis Mart. (Bacuri)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
33. Prunus armeniaca Linn. (Wild Apricot)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Use
34. Schleichera trijuga Willd. (Kusum)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
35. Sesamum indicum Linn. (Sesame)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
36. Shorea robusta Gaertner f. (Sal)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Uses
37. Simarouba glauca DC (Pradise-Tree)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology.
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Use
38. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. (Jojoba)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Germplasm
e. Yield Potential
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Folk Medicine
h. Uses
39. Theobroma cacao Linn. (Cacao)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Chemical Constituents
d. Folk Medicine
e. Uses
40. Zea Mays Linn. (Corn)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
g. Biodiesel
SECTION 2: NON EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS ENERGY CROPS
B. INTRODUCTION
a. Classification of vegetable oil
b. Extraction
c. Chemistry of plant oils
d. Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil
e. Culinary uses
f. Industrial uses
g. Surfactants, detergents, soaps
h. Lubricants and hydraulic oils
i. Paints, surface coatings, inks and plasticizers
j. Polymers
k. Solvents
l. Cosmetics
m. Chemical feedstocks
n. Fuel
o. Biodiesel
p. Waste oil
41. Aleurites fordii Lour. (Tung Oil Tree)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Major fatty acid composition of oil
g. Uses
42. Aleurites moluccana (Linn.) Willd. (Kukui Tree)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Germplasm
e. Yield Potential
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
j. Biodiesel
43. Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Cashew)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Germplasm
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Major fatty acids of oils are
h. Energy
i. Folk Medicine
j. Uses
44. Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss (Neem)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Folk Medicine
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Major fatty acid composition of Neem oil is
h. Uses
i. Biodiesel
45. Calendula officinalis Linn. (Pot Marigold)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Chemical Constituents
e. Folk Medicine
f. Uses
46. Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. (Alexandrian Laurel)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
47. Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Ait. f. (Aark)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Chemical Constituents
d. Folk Medicine
e. Uses
48. Cannabis sativa Linn. (Hemp)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Chemical Constituents
d. Folk Medicine
e. Uses
f. Biodiesel
49. Copaifera langsdorfii (Linn.) Desf. (Diesel Tree)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Germplasm
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Energy
g. Folk Medicine
h. Uses
50. Cram.be abyssinica (Linn) Hochst. ex R. E. (Fries Crambe)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Ecology
e. Chemical Constituents.
f. Uses
51. Euphorbia lathyris Linn. (Gopher Plant)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
52. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. (Petroleum Plant)
a. Description
b. Ecology
c. Germplasm
d. Yield Potential
e. Folk Medicine
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Uses
53. Gossypium hirsutum Linn. (Cotton)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Germplasm
d. Ecology
e. Yield Potential
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Energy
h. Folk Medicine
i. Uses
54. Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Juss.) Muell. Arg.
a. (Rubber Tree)
b. Distribution
c. Description
d. Ecology
e. Yield Potential
f. Germplasm
g. Chemical Constituents
h. Energy
i. Uses
55. Jatropha curcas Linn. (Purging Nut)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Germplasm
e. Yield Potential
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Toxicity
h. Energy
i. Folk Medicine
j. Uses
k. Biodiesel
56. Lin.um usitatissimum Linn. (Flax)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
57. Madhuca latifolia (J. Konig) J. F. Macbr. (Mahua)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Folk Medicine
f. Chemical Constituents
g. Major Fatty Acids of Oil
h. Uses
58. Pittosporum resiniferum Hemsl. (Petroleum Nut)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Energy
g. Folk Medicine
h. Uses
59. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) (Pierre Pongamia)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Yield Potential
d. Ecology
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
60. Ricinus communis Linn. (Castor Oil Plant)
a. Distribution
b. Description
c. Ecology
d. Yield Potential
e. Chemical Constituents
f. Folk Medicine
g. Uses
h. Biodiesel
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
BOTANICAL NAMES
COMMON NAMES
