Soil Management and Organic Farming

BOUT THE BOOK: We increasingly face ecological and environmental problems as a result of injudicious use of fertilizers and other chemicals (pesticides, herbicides etc.) in intensive agriculture. The deteriorating soil and water quality, and the raising agrochemical toxicity in farming are serious concerns. All these factors jeopardize efforts to sustain growth in food production. The big questions before us are "Can we sustain high productivity with deterioration of soil and water environment?
Most of the additional food grain production must come from irrigated and potential rainfed lands. We need to use more complex technologies and management practices to further intensify crop production systems and to conserve resource base from which all food is produced. The immense task before us is "How to orient our research to generate innovative technologies".
Plants like human being, animals, birds and other living organisms need energy for their survival and proper functioning. Unlike other living organisms, they use to manufacture their food through conversion of solar energy into chemical energy vide process called as photosynthesis. The photo-synthates, thus synthesized, are partly consumed by plants for their growth and development till their active vegetative growth and rest is accumulated which we harvest. The entire process is regulated by various elements which are known as plant food elements. The list of such elements, is gradually enlarged with the advancement of physiological and biochemical knowledge.
These elements, though present in soil yet the quantity being so meager need to be supplemented through their respective carriers called as fertilizers.
Role of fertilizers in boosting agricultural production has already been proved and they have become so essential that the cultivation of present day plant types without them is rather a dream. There has been ever increasing trend in fertilizer consumption starting from negligible quantity in 1950 to over 13 million tones of nutrients or over 28 million tones of fertilizer materials in 1992-93.
Concern about environmental safety and sustainability of land productivity is increasing among scientists, administrators and environmentalists. With increasing population, it is also becoming clear the food security to the teeming millions will not be possible unless the available resources are efficiently utilized for increasing the productivity. The strategy adopted during the green revolution era can not be valid anymore under the prevailing conditions. A new strategy of living with the nature and nurturing it for sustainable high productivity should be evolved. Though use of chemical inputs can not be altogether avoided, their use in agriculture has to be rationalized. Organic agriculture shows us the way of effectively use the available natural resources for the benefit of the mankind. But, unfortunately there are a lot of misconceptions about organic agriculture. Though a large amount of information has been generated on various aspects of agriculture, they are scattered in literature. A compilation of the available information has been a felt need for students, teachers, research workers and administrators in agriculture.
At present, there is no comprehensive text book on 'Soil Management and Organic Farming' and applied aspects suitable for farmers. This book will provide comprehensive information on the subject matter and fulfil the needs of students and other professionals. This book makes an attempt to present the available information on organic agriculture in a cogent and easily understandable manner. This is a book containing all sorts of chapters on soil fertility management and organic farming basing on the integrated farming and cropping systems. Though this book primarily written to serve as a text book/reference for the students of agriculture in under graduate and post graduate levels and technologists in developing organizations, it is hoped that this book will be valuable for similar groups in the third world countries of Asia and Africa. This book also serves as a valuable reference for the candidates preparing Agricultural Research Services and other competitive examinations. Professional Institutions in Soil Conservation, Krishi Vigyna Kendras and Rural Institutions and similar other Institutions would find this book very much helpful. The farmers may refer this book to practice integrated farming and cropping systems as the considerable emphasis is placed for obtaining maximum, profitable production per unit area per unit time.
This book contains 21 chapters which include introduction, soil management, soil formation, soil and its physical properties, soil taxonomy and survey, soil colloids and clay minerals, saline, alkaline and acid soils, soil organic matter, soil and water conservation, soil fertility and productivity, nutrient management, source of plant nutrients, fertilizers, green revolution, organic farming, farming systems, components of farming systems, integrated farming systems (IFS) under varying situation, IFS models under agro-ecosystem, organic farming in India and Abroad, and sustainable agriculture with adequate references. It is hoped that the book will serve a good reference source for those interested in organic agriculture. The author welcomes suggestions from the readers for the improvement of the book in future editions.
The author acknowledges his indebtedness to authors of books from which most of the material in the text has been drawn. In several cases, it has not been possible to obtain permission for reproduction for which the author and publishers offer their sincere apologies.
The author is deeply indebted to ICAR for its assistance provided at various levels for preparing the manuscript. Special mention is made for the valuable help received from Sri K.C. Sahoo, Research Fellow of the Emeritus Scientist Project, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
The author would particularly like to thank Dr. Bhagabat Panda, Founder Director (Retd.), Central Avian Research Institute (ICAR) for his encouragement, invaluable help and providing excellent foreword. Not only has he checked the contents with meticulous care, but also he has made numerous suggestions for improvements and additions. His help and advice have added greatly to the value and reliability of a work such as this.
In preparing this book, I have received helps, suggestions and encouragements from Dr. B. C. Nayak, Dean, College of Agriculture; Dr. P. K. Mahapatra, Professor and Head, Agronomy; Dr. L. M. Garnayak, Associate Professor, Agronomy and other staff members of the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. I am grateful to all of them who communicated the encouraging comments regarding the text and constructing suggestions for the improvement of the book.

AUTHOR: Dr. S. C. Panda | ISBN: 9788177542660 | YEAR: 2010 | PAGES: 462 | SIZE: 14 X 22 X 3 cm. | BINDING: Hard | LANGUAGE: English

CONTENTS:
1) INTRODUCTION
2) SOIL MANAGEMENT
    a) Soil
    b) Composition of Earth's Crust
    c) Components of Earth
        1. Atmosphere
        2. Hydrosphere
        3. Lithosphere
    d) Structure of Earth
    e) Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil
    f) Major Soil Components
    g) Rocks and Minerals
    h) Rocks
    i) Classification of Rocks
        1. Igneous Rocks
        2. Sedimentary Rocks
        3. Metamorphic Rocks
    j) Rock Minerals
    k) Sources of Plant Nutrients
        1. Primary and Secondary Minerals
    l) Weathering of Rocks
    m) Development of Mineral Profile
3) SOIL FORMATION
    a) Factors of Soil Formation
    b) Soil Forming Process
        1. Fundamental Processes
        2. Specific Pedogenic Process
    c) Relation Between Parent Material and Vegetation
        1. Climate and Climatic Water Balance
        2. Living Organisms
        3. Topography
        4. Time
    d) Soil Formation in Arid Regions
    e) Soil Formation in Semi Arid Region
    f) Soil Formation in Humid Climate
        1. Latosolisation (Laterisation)
        2. Gleization
    g) Salinization, Alkalization and Dealkalization
    h) Soil Is a Natural Body
    i) Soil as a Medium for Plant Growth
    j) Difference Between the Soil and the Land
4) SOIL AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    a) Soil Profile
    b) Physical Properties of Soil
        1. Soil Texture
            (A) Coarse Fragments and Fine Earth
        2. Classification of Soil Particles (International System)
    c) Textural Classes
        1. Textural Classes of Soils
    d) Soil Structure
        1. Soil Structure Formation
        2. Types of Soil Structure
        3. Shapes of Soil Structure
        4. Other Classification of Soil Structure
        5. Factors Affecting Soil Structure
    e) Particle Density of Mineral Soil
    f) Bulk Density (Apparent Specific Gravity)
    g) Soil Consistence
    h) Soil Colour
    i) Soil Air
    j) Soil Temperature
    k) Soil Water
        1. Physical Classification of Soil Water
            (A) Hygroscopic Water
            (B) Capillary Water
            (C) Gravitational Water
        2. Biological Classification of Soil Water
            (A) Superfluous Water
            (B) Available Water
            (C) Unavailable Water
    l) Field Capacity
    m) Permanent Wilting Percentage
    n) Hygroscopic Coefficient
    o) Moisture Equivalent
5) SOIL TAXONOMY AND SURVEY
    a) Basis of Classification
    b) Modern System of Classification
    c) Soils of India
        1. Alluvial: Entisol, Inceptisol and Alfisol
        2. Black Soils: Vertisol, Inceptisol and Entisol
        3. Red Soils: Alfisol, Utisol and Inceptisol
        4. Laterite Soils: Alfisol, Ultisol and Oxisol
        5. Desert Soils: Entisol, Aridsol
    d) Genetic System of Classification
    e) Soil Survey
    f) Land Capability Classification
6) SOIL COLLOIDS AND CLAY MINERALS
    a) Clay Minerals
        1. Composition of Clay
        2. Acid Nature of Clay
        3. Sesquioxide Clay
        4. Silica-Sesquioxide Ratio
    b) Silicate Clay Minerals
        1. Classification of Silicate Clays
            1:1 Type Clay Mineral
            2:1 Type Minerals
                (A) Expanding Material
                (B) Non-Expanding Minerals
                (C) Comparative Study of K.I.M
            2:2:1 Type (Or2:2 Type) Mineral: E.G. Chlorites
        2. Source of Negative Charge on Silicate Clays
                (A) Isomorphic Substitution
                (B) Exposed Crystal Edge
7) SALINE, ALKALI AND ACID SOILS
    a) Saline and Alkali Soils
    b) Saline Soils/ White Alkali
        1. Characteristics
        2. Formation of Saline Soils
        3. Favourable Conditions
        4. Reclamation
            (A) Principles
            (B) Management Practices
    c) Sodic Soils/Black Alkali/Non-Saline Alkali Soils
        1. Characteristics
        2. Formation
        3. Occurrence
        4. Reclamation
            (A) Basic Principle
            (B) Management Practices
    d) Alkali Soils
        1. Saline-Alkali Soils
            (A) Characteristics
            (B) Favourable Factors
            (C) Detrimental Effect of Soil Salinity and Alkalinity
            (D) Difference Between Saline and Alkaline Soils
        2. Reclamation of Usar Soils
            (A) Mechanical Method
            (B) Chemical Methods
    e) Soil and Crop Management
            (A) Classification on the Basis of Soil Salinity Tolerance
            (B) Classification on the Basis of Soil Alkalinity Tolerance
        2. Other Measures
        3. Biological Method
    f) Acid Soils
        1. Soil Acidity and pH
        2. Genesis
        3. Processes Involved in Acid Soil Formation
            (A) Occurrence
            (B) Adverse Effect on Plant Growth
                I. Direct Influences
                II. Indirect Influences
        4. Characteristics of Acid Soils
            (A) Physical
            (B) Chemical
            (C) Biological
        5. Management of Acid Soils
            (A) Reactions in Soil After Application
            (B) Liming Materials
8) SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
    a) Composition of Plant Residues
    b) Decomposition of Organic Residues
        1. Carbon Cycle
    c) Nature of Soil Organic Matter
    d) Soil Organic Matter
        1. Humic Substances
        2. Non-Humic Substances
    e) Humus
        1. Nature and Characteristics of Humus
    f) Factors Affecting Organic Matter Decomposition
    g) Significance of C:N Ratio
    h) Muck and Peat Soils
    i) Role of Organic Matter
    j) Mineralization and Immobilization
        1. Mineralisation of Organic Nitrogen
        2. Factors Affecting Nitrification
        3. Nitrogen Losses
9) SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
    a) Soil Erosion
        1. Extent of Erosion
    b) Soil and Water Conservation Research
    c) Types of Erosion
        1. Water Erosion
            (A) Process of Water Erosion
            (B) Forms of Water Erosion
                I. Sheet Erosion
                II. Rill Erosion
                III. Gully Erosion
                IV. Ravines
                V. Land Slides
                VI. Stream Bank Erosion
        2. Factors Affecting Water Erosion
            (A) Rainfall
            (B) Soils
            (C) Topography
            (D) Soil Surface Cover
            (E) Biotic Interference
    d) Estimation of Soil Loss
        1. Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
        2. Soil Erodability Factor (K)
        3. Topographic Factor (Ls)
        4. Soil Cover and Management Factor (C)
        5. Erosion Control Factor (P)
        6. Losses Due to Erosion
    e) Wind Erosion
        1. Mechanism of Wind Erosion
        2. Saltation
        3. Suspension
        4. Surface Creep
        5. Factors Affecting Wind Erosion
            (A) Soil Clodiness
            (B) Surface Roughness
            (C) Water Stable Aggregates and Surface Crust
            (D) Wind and Soil Moisture
            (E) Field Length
            (F) Vegetative Cover
            (G) Organic Matter
            (H) Topography
            (I) Soil
        6. Soil Loss Estimation
            (A) Losses Due to Wind Erosion
        7. Soil and Water Conservation Measures
        8. Water Erosion Control
            (A) Agronomic Measures
            (B) Forestry Measures
                I. Grasses
                II. Legumes
        9. Wind Erosion Control
            (A) Stubble Mulching and Minimum Tillage
            (B) Cover Crops
            (C) Strip Cropping
            (D) Crop Rotation
            (E) Mulching
            (F) Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
                I. Central Rows
                II. Flank Rows
                III. Outer Rows
10) SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY
    a) Available Nutrient Analysis of Soil
        1. Nutrient Determination
        2. Crop Logging: Defined By H. F. Clement
    b) Soil Fertility and Productivity
        1. Soil Fertility vrs Soil Productivity
    c) Concept of Productivity
        1. Primary Productivity
        2. Gross Primary Productivity
        3. Net Primary Productivity
        4. Secondary Productivity
    d) Role of Soil in Crop Production
        1. Soil Management
    e) Sources of Plant Nutrients in the Soil
        1. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
        2. Azofication or Free Fixation
        3. Mycorrhiza
        4. Phosphate Solubilizing Micro-Organisms
    f) Soil Fertility Evaluation
        1. Biological Tests
        2. Field Tests
        3. Laboratory and Green House Tests
        4. Microbiological Methods
            (A) Visual Symptoms
    g) Plant Analysis
        1. Tissue Tests
        2. Total Analysis
        3. Interpretation
        4. Soil Testing
            (A) Soil Sampling
            (B) Sample Preparation
        5. Laboratory Analysis
        6. Calibration and Interpretation
    h) Fertilizer Recommendations
    i) Soil Test and Crop Response
        1. Permanent Manurial Experiments
11) NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
    a) Essential Elements in Plant Nutrition
    b) Classification of Essential Nutrients
        1. Criteria of Essentiality
    c) Essential Nutrient Elements and Their Sources
        1. Essential Elements From the Soil
        2. General Conditions Conducive to Micronutrient Deficiency
        3. Antagonistic Effects of Micronutrients
        4. Chelate
            (A) Synthetic Chelating Agents
    d) Functions of Essential Nutrients
        1. Nitrogen (N)
        2. Phosphorus (P)
        3. Potassium (K)
        4. Calcium (Ca)
        5. Magnesium (Mg)
        6. Sulphur (S)
        7. Boron (B)
        8. Manganese (Mn)
        9. Iron (Fe)
        10. Zinc (Zn)
        11. Molybdenum (Mo)
        12. Copper (Cu)
        13. Chlorine CI)
        14. Cobalt (Co)
        15. Sodium (Na)
        16. Vanadeum (V)
        17. Silicon (Si)
        18. Selenium (Se)
        19. Aluminium (Al)
    e) Role of Essential Plant Nutrients
        1. Hidden Hunger
        2. Deficiency Symptoms
            (A) Deficiency Symptoms on Old Leaves
                I. Without Dead Spots
                II. With Dead Spots
            (B) Symptoms on New Leaves
                I. Veins Remaining Green: Interveinal Chlorosis
                II. Veins Not Remaining Green
            (C) Toxicity Symptoms
        3. Mobility of Nutrients
            (A) Mobility in Soil
            (B) Mobility in Plants
        4. Classification of Diagnostic Methods
            I. Field Experiments with Fertilizers
            II. Pot Culture Experiments
            III. Soil Analysis Methods
    f) Nutrient Uptake By Plants
        1. Nutrient Supply to Plant Roots
            (A) Mass Flow
            (B) Diffusion
            (C) Root Interception
            (D) Nutrient Absorption By Plants
            (E) Carrier Theory
    g) Balanced Nutrition for Better Crop Health
        1. Balanced Fertilization
        2. Affecting Yield
12) SOURCES OF PLANT NUTRIENTS
    a) Manures, Fertilizers and Biofertilizers
    b) Manures
        1. Advantages of Manuring
    c) Bulky Organic Manures
        1. Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
        2. Compost
        3. Night Soil (Or Poudrette)
        4. Sewage and Sludge
        5. Sheep and Goat Manure
        6. Poultry Manure
    d) Green Manuring
        1. Promising Green Manure Crops
            (A) Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate)
            (B) Sesbania speciosa
            (C) Sesbania rostrata
            (D) Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea)
            (E) Wild Indigo (Tephrosia purpurea)
            (F) Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria)
            (G) Pillipesara (Pheseolus trilobus)
        2. Green Leaf Manure Crops
            (A) Glyricidia (Glyricidia maculeata)
            (B) Karanj (Pongamia glabra)
            (C) Neem (Azadirachta indica)
            (D) Calatropis (Caiotropis gigantean)
        3. Management of Green Manuring
            (A) Time of Sowing and Seed Rate
            (B) Seed Treatment
            (C) Stem Cutting
            (D) Mixed Cropping
            (E) Intercropping
            (F) Border Planting
            (G) Phosphorus Response
    e) Vermicompost
        1. Concentrated Organic Manures
        2. Oil Cakes
        3. Amendments
    f) Biofertilizers
        1. Groups of Biofertilizers
            (A) Free Living
            (B) Symbiotic Association
            (C) Associative Symbiotic
        2. Characteristics of Features of Biofertilizers
            (A) Rhizobium
            (B) Azospirillum
            (C) Azotobactor
            (D) Blue Green Algae (BGA)
                I. Multiplication of BGA
                II. Trough Method
                III. Mass Multiplication of BGA in the Field
            (E) Azolla
                I. Multiplication of Azolla
                II. Cement Cisterns
            (F) P - Solubilising Microorganisms
            (G) Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)
            (H) Frankia
        3. Biofertilizers and Their Usages in Field Crops
            (A) Use of Vam Biofertilizer
            (B) Use of Blue Green Algae (BGA)
            (C) Use of Azolla
13) FERTILIZERS
    a) Classification of Fertilizers
        1. Materials Used in Manufacturing of Fertilizers (Mixed)
        2. Precautions in Mixing Fertilizers
        3. Acidity and Basicity of Fertilizer
    b) Groups of Fertilizers
        1. Commercial Nitrogenous Fertilizers
            (A) Nitrogenous Fertilizers
            (B) Inorganic Nitrogen Carriers
            (C) Characteristics of N Fertilizers
            (D) Properties of Important N Fertilizers
            (E) Nitrogenous Fertilizers Having Slow Availability
            (F) Nitrification Inhibitors
            (G) Relative Efficiency of N Fertilizers
        2. Phosphatic Fertilizers
            (A) P-Fertilizers
            (B) Properties of Important P Fertilizers
            (C) Relative Efficiency of P Fertilizers
        3. Potassic Fertilizers
    c) Complex or Mixed Fertilizers
        1. Complex Fertilizers
        2. Mixed Fertilizers
        3. Secondary Nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur
        4. Micronutrients
            (A) Deficiencies of Micronutrients
            (B) Conditions Conducive to Micronutrient Deficiency
    d) Fertilizer Application
        1. Principles of Fertilizer Application
            (A) Kind of Fertilizer
            (B) Quantity of Fertilizers
            (C) Frequency of Application
            (D) Time of Application
            (E) Placement of Fertilizers
            (F) Methods of Application
                I. Solid Fertilizers
                II. Liquid Fertilizers
                III. Balanced Fertilizer Application
    e) Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
        1. Balanced Fertilization with NPK for Increasing Wheat Production
        2. Balanced Fertilizer Use for Increasing Rice Production in Eastern India
        3. Balanced Fertilization with NPK for Increasing Production of Maize and Minor Millets
        4. Balanced Fertilization with NPK for Increasing Production of Pulses
        5. Role of Soil Testing in Ensuring Balanced Use of Fertilizers in Increasing Food Grain Production
        6. Use of Micro and Secondary Nutrients in Food Grains Production
        7. Food Production Targets, Constraints and Remedial Measures in North-Eastern Hill Region
        8. Role of Fertilizer Industry in Ensuring Balanced Fertilization
14) GREEN REVOLUTION
    a) Impact of Green Revolution on the Environment
    b) The Ills of Green Revolution
    c) Field Crops
    d) Food Production
    e) Food Security
    f) Food Grain Availability
    g) Vegetable Production
15) ORGANIC FARMING
    a) Concept
    b) Organic Vs Natural Farming
        1. Characteristics of Organic Farming
        2. Principles of Organic Agriculture Systems
        3. Mixed Farming
        4. Crop Rotation
        5. Organic Cycle Optimization
    c) Objectives of Organic and Conventional Farming
    d) Options in Organic Farming
        1. Pure Organic Farming
        2. Integrated Green Revolution Farming
        3. Integrated Farming System
        4. Management of Organic Farming
        5. Advantages of Organic Farming
        6. Barriers to Organic Farming
    e) Components of Organic Farming
        1. Organic Manures
        2. Non-Chemical Weed Control Measures
        3. Biological Pest Management
16) FARMING SYSTEMS
    a) Introduction
    b) Definition of Farming System
        1. Lowland Farming Systems
        2. Upland Irrigated Farming Systems
        3. Rainfed Farming Systems
    c) Farming System Concept
    d) Scope of Farming System
17) DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF FARMING SYSTEMS
    a) Field Crops
        1. Vegetables
        2. Fruit Cultivation
        3. Livestock Integration
        4. Poultry Farming
        5. Ducker
        6. Aquaculture
        7. Agro-Forestry
        8. Bee Keeping
        9. Mushroom Cultivation
        10. Biogas Plant
        11. Miscellaneous Enterprises
        12. Economics of Different Components of Farming System
    b) Interrelationship Among Different Enterprises
18) INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS (IFS) UNDER VARYING SITUATION
    a) Integrated Farming
    b) The Role of IFS in Crop-Livestock Interaction
    c) Integrated FSR Activity and Models
    d) Integrated Approach in Wetland Situation
        1. Rice Based Cropping with Poultry-Cum-Fish Culture
        2. Crop-Poultry-Fishery in Cauvery Delta
        3. Cropping with Dairy
        4. Cropping with Goat Rearing
        5. Cropping with Aquaculture
            (A) Rice-Fish Culture
            (B) Captural Systems
            (C) Cultural Systems
    e) Integrated Farming Systems for Irrigated Areas
        1. Cropping with Dairy, Biogas and Siliviculture
    f) Integrated Farming System for Rainfed Areas
        1. Cropping with Goat and Silvipasture
    g) Integrated Aquaculture - Agriculture Systems
    h) Integrated Farming System for Hill Regions
    i) Integrated Farming System for Island Ecosystems
19) INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS (IFS) MODELS UNDER AGROECOSYSTEM
    a) Importance of Integrated Farming Systems in the Tropics
        1. Integration of Sub-Systems in Farming System
    b) Farming System Models for the Tropics
        1. Composite Fish Culture
        2. Integrated Fish Farming
        1. Paddy-Cum-Fish Culture
        2. Duck-Cum-Fish Farming
        3. Rice-Fish-Azolla Farming
        4. Rice-Fish-Vegetable Farming
        5. Crop Husbandry and Fish Culture (Pond System)
        6. Fish-Cum-Poultry Farming
        7. Fish-Cum-Pig Farming
        8. Fish-Cum-Sericulture
        9. Fish-Cum-Horticulture
        10. Fish-Cum-Biogas Plants
        11. Integrated Crop-Livestock-Fish Farming
    c) IFS Models
    d) Integrated Farming System
        1. Model I (Wetland Farming System)
            (A) L. Cropping Programme
            (B) ll. Fisheries
            (C) lll. Poultry
        2. Model II (Garden Land Farming System)
        3. Cropping
        4. Dairy
        5. Biogas Plant
        6. Farm Silviculture
            (A) Integrated Farming System (IFS)
    e) Model III (Dry Land Farming System)
        1. Problems and Potential in Dry Farming
        2. Crop Intensification
        3. Alternative Land Use Systems
        4. Dairy Project
        5. Biogas-Project
        6. Spawn and Mushroom Project
        7. Improved Technology Available
            (A) Existing Cropping System
            (B) Improved Cropping System
            (C) Crop Components
            (D) Goat Rearing
            (E) Technology Integrated
                I. Tree Farming
                II. Water Harvesting
                III. Goat Rearing
                IV. Organic Recycling
                V. Economics
            (F) A Model Study At Tnau, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
            (G) Cropping System
            (H) Feed for the Goat
            (I) Crop Yield
    f) Model IV (Coconut Based Integrated Farming System)
    g) Crop Components
    h) Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Through IFS
    i) Crop and Animal Waste
    j) Lowland Farming
    k) Rice-Fish-Azolla Farming System
    l) Farming in Upland with Supplemental Irrigation
    m) Rainfed Farming
20) ORGANIC FARMING IN INDIA AND ABROAD
    a) Organic Farming in California
        1. Organic Rice Production
        2. Organic Grape Production
    b) Estate Coffee, Mexico
    c) Bananas, Dominican Republic
        1. Organic Apple Production
    d) Machakos (Kenya) Experience
    e) Cuban Experience
    f) Organic Conversion in Russia
    g) Organic Farming in India
        1. Basmathi Rice under Organic Farming
        2. Estate Tea, Tamil Nadu
            (A) Economics of Organic us High External Input Tea Cultivation
    h) Farming Systems Research in India
    i) Future Needs
        1. Multiple Cropping Systems in Hirakud Command
        2. Resource Recycling
    j) Future Prospects
    k) Conclusion
21) SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
    a) Definition and Concept of Sustainable Agriculture
        1. Sustainable Agriculture
        2. Concept and Meaning of Sustainable Agriculture
        3. Sustainability Defined
    b) Management Practices for Sustainable Agriculture
        1. Soil Management Practices
        2. Soil Degradation
        3. and Water Conservation Technology
        4. watershed Based Approach
        5. Soil Fertility Management
        6. Reclamation of Salt Affected Soils
        7. Management of Coastal Saline Soils
        8. Desertification and Arid Soils
        9. Management of Water Resources
        10. Management of Rain Water
        11. Integrated Pest Management
        12. Agronomic Components in Ipm
            (A) Land Preparation
            (B) Cultivar Selection
            (C) Time of Sowing
            (D) Plant Population
            (E) Intercultiuation
            (F) Manures and Fertilizers
            (G) Irrigation and Drainage
            (H) Intercropping
            (I) Crop Rotation
            (J) Input Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
            (K) Optimizing Nutrient Availability
            (L) Micronutrient Deficiencies
            (M) Limiting Nutrient Losses
            (N) Use of Chemical Fertilizers
            (O) Nutrient Recycling
            (P) Use of Crop Residues
            (Q) Biological Nitrogen Fixation
            (R) Use of Biofertilizers
            (S) Green Manuring
            (T) Development of Integrated Farming Systems
    c) Role of Organic Farming
        1. Waste Recycling
        2. Sugarcane Trash Compost
        3. Biogas Slurry
        4. Industrial Wastes
        5. Municipal and Sewage Wastes
        6. Vermicomposting
            (A) Preparation of Vermicompost
22) REFERENCES