A Handbook of Soil, Fertilizer and Manure

ABOUT THE BOOK: The Second Edition of the book provides a brief treatment of the :: inciples of soil, as they exits and interact in the environment and concepts of fertilizer and manure along with practical aspects of their utilization. It is the author's intent to produce compendium of information's that is equally useful to students in curricula, such as soil science, agronomy, horticulture and forestry as well as to non agricultural students of plant science, ecology, natural resources and environmental studies. It will serve as a foundation text for agriculturist and lay person as well.
The book offers a comprehensive coverage of chapters on: Soil: An Introduction, Soil Formation, Soil Classification, Soil Properties, Soil Factors for Plant Growth, Major Plant Nutrients, The Secondary Nutrients, The Micronutrients, Soil Degradation in India, Soils of India, Soil Pollution, Fertilizer: An introduction, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, Phosphatic Fertilizers, Potassic Fertilizers, Fertilizer Sources Containing Secondary and ''cronutrients, Efficient Use of Fertilizers, Soil Fertility Evaluation and Fertilizer Recommendations, Balanced rertilization, Fertilizer Policy Issues for (2000-2025), Manure: An introduction, Composting, Biofertilizers / Microbial Inoculant, Vermicomposting, Ecofriendly Farming System. A separate section of related terminology comprising the terms, which are not covered in text has been included to give better - understanding of the subject.
The book will be useful for students, associated with conservation, forestry and environmental sciences. Efforts have been made to compile recent available information so as to make it more useful however, perfection is never achieved and as such any suggestion for further improvement by the readers will be welcomed. While compiling, the author has drawn some matter form popular journals, books, reports etc. and is indebted to the editors, publishers and authors of these publications. The author also indebted to Sh. S. K. Sharma, department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Bikaner who collaborated on the related terminology section if this book

AUTHOR: P. K. Gupta | ISBN: 9788177544152 | YEAR: 2011 | PAGES: 564 | SIZE: 14 x 21.5 x 2.5 cm. | BINDING: Soft | LANGUAGE: English

CONTENTS:
1. Soil: An Introduction
    A. Modern Concept
    B. Parent Material
    C. Regolith
    D. Top Soil or Surface Soil
    E. Subsoil
    F. Bedrock
    G. Mineral Soil
    H. Organic Soil
    I. Pedon
    J. Composition of Soil
    K. Soil Separates (Mineral Matter)
        (a) Physical Nature of Soil Separates
        (b) Mineralogical Nature of Soil Separates
    L. Soil Organic Matter
        (a) Humus
        (b) Humus and Soil Structure
2. Soil Formation
    A. Materials for Soil Formation
    B. Weathering of Rocks and Minerals
        (a) Physical Weathering
        (b) Chemical Weathering
        (c) Biological Weathering
        C. Factors of Soil Formation
        (a) Climate and Soil Formation
        (b) Biota and Soil Formation
        (c) Parent Material and Soil Formation
        (d) Relief or Topography and Soil Formation
            - Toposequence and Soil Catena
        (e) Time and Soil Formation
        (f) Interactions of Soil-Forming Factors
    D. Changes during Soil Formation or Types of Soil Forming Processes
    E. Soil Forming or Pedogenic Processes
        (a) Fundamental Soil Forming Processes
            - Humification (Organic Changes)
            - Eluviation
            - Illuviation
            - Leaching
        (b) Specific Soil Forming Processes
            - Podzolisation/Cheluviation
            - Gleying
            - Desilication/Laterisation
            - Calcification
            - Salinisation/Alkalisation
    F. The Soil Profile and its Layers
    G. Transition Horizons
    H. Solum
    I. Subordinate Distinction
3. Soil Classification
    A. Zonal (Older) System of Classification
    B. Soil Taxonomy
        (a) Diagnostic Horizons
        (b) Categories of the System
            - Soil Orders
    C. FAO UNESCO Revised Legend
        (a) Features of the Legend
    D. Soil Survey
    E. Objectives and Uses
    F. Types of Soil Survey
        (a) Reconnaissance Soil Survey
        (b) Detailed Soil Survey
        (c) Detailed Reconnaissance Soil Survey
    G. Survey Methods
    H. Soil Survey Report and Soil Interpretation
    I. Geographic Information System (GIS)
4. Soil Properties
    A. Soil Physical Properties
    B. Soil Texture
        (a) The Textural Triangle
        (b) Determination of Textural Class
            - Feel Method
            - Laboratory Method
    C. Soil Structure
        (a) Structure Class
        (b) Types of Structure
        (c) Classes of Soil Structure
        (d) Grades of Soil Structure
    D. Soil Density
        (a) Particles Density
        (b) Bulk Density
            - Factors Affecting Bulk Density
    E. Soil Porosity and Permeability
    F. Soil Air
        (a) Composition of Soil Atmosphere
        (b) Rate of Oxygen Exchange or Oxygen Diffusion Rate
        (c) Oxidation-Reduction Potential (Eh or Redox Potential)
        (d) Aeration and Plant Growth
    G. Soil Temperature
        (a) Factors Affecting Soil Temperature.
        (b) Effect of Soil Temperature on Crop Growth
        (c) Control of Soil Temperature
    H. Soil Colour
    I. Soil Water
        (a) Water Retention Forces
        (b) Soil Water Energy Concept
        (c) Soil Water Potential.
        (d) Soil Water Classification
            - Physical Classification
            - Biological Classification
        (e) Soil Moisture Constants
        (f) Soil Water Reservoirs
        (g) When Plants Most Need Water?
        (h) Soil Water Movement.
            - Saturated Flow
            - Unsaturated flow
    J. Other Soil Physical Properties
        (a) Tilth
    K. Soil Colloids and Chemical Properties
    L. Inorganic Colloids [Clay)
    M. Organic Colloids (Humus)
        (a) Cation Exchange
            - Development of Charge
            - Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
            - Power of Replacement
            - Concept of Electrical Double Layer
        (b) Anion Exchange and Adsorption
    N. Factor Affecting Anion Exchange
    O. The Soil Reaction (pH)
    P. Importance of Soil pH
    Q. Buffering in Soils
    R. Soil Biology and Ecology
    S. Soil Life
5. Soil Factors For Plant Growth
    A. Soil Fertility
    B. Soil Productivity
    C. Essential Plant Nutrients
    D. Criteria of Essentiality
    E. Classification of Essential Plant Nutrients
    F. Mobility of Nutrients in the Soil
    G. Mobility of Nutrients in Plants
    H. Nutrient Availability
    I. Forms of Nutrients Absorbed by Plants
    J. Dynamics of Nutrient Availability
    K. Nutrient Uptake
    L. Nutrient Supply to Plant Roots
        (a) Mass Flow
        (b) Diffusion
        (c) Root Interception
    M. Ion Absorption by Plants
    N. Root Morphology
    O. Plant Cell and Membranes
    P. Active and Passive Ion Transport
    Q. Ion Uptake Mechanisms
        (a) The Carrier Theory
        (b) ATPase Theory of Ion Transport
    R. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
    S. Other Plant Nutrients
        (a) Vanadium
        (b) Sodium
        (c) Silicon
    T. Multiple Deficiencies and Nutrient Interactions
        (a) Antagonistic Effects of One Nutrient to Another
        (b) Synergistic Effect of One Nutrient on Another
    U. Nutrient Toxicity
    V. Indicator Plants
    W. Critical limit of Nutrients
        (a) Major Nutrients
            - Secondary and Micro Nutrients
6. Major Plant Nutrients
    A. Nitrogen (N)
        (a) Role of Nitrogen in Plants
        (b) Mineralization and Immobilization of Nitrogen
        (c) Nitrification and Denitrification
        (d) Nitrogen Management in the Soil
        (e) Nitrogen Fixation
        (f) Losses of Nitrogen
        (g) Nitrogen Sources
    B. Phosphorus(P)
        (a) Roles of Phosphorus in Plants.
        (b) Sources and Amounts of Phosphorus in Soils
        (c) Factors Affecting Phosphorus Availability
        (d) Nitrogen Improves Phosphorus Uptake
        (e) Phosphate Fertilizer Sources
    C. Potassium (K)
        (a) Role of Potassium in Plant
        (b) Forms of Potassium in the Soil
        (c) Fertilizer Potassium in the Soil
        (d) Fixation of Potassium in Soil
        (e) Factors Affecting Potassium Uptake by Plants
        (f) Potassium Fertilizer Sources
7. The Secondary Nutrients
    A. Calcium
        (a) Role of Calcium in Plants
        (b) Calcium in the Soil
    B. Magnesium
        (a) Role of Magnesium in Plants
        (b) Magnesium in the Soil
    C. Sulphur
        (a) Role of Sulphur in Plants
        (b) Sulphur and Nitrogen
        (c) Sulphur in the Soil
8. The Micronutrients
    A. Soil-Plant Relationships
    B. Sources of Micronutrients
    C. General Conditions Causing Micronutrient Deficiency
    D. Factors Influencing the Availability of Micronutrient Ions
        (a) Cations
        (b) SoilpH
        (c) Other Inorganic Reactions
        (d) Organic Combinations
    E. Anions
    F. Nutrient Balance in the Soil
    G. Boron
    H. Boron in Foil
        (a) Organic Matter
        (b) Weather Conditions
        (c) SoilpH
        (d) Soil Texture
        (e) Leaching
    I. Chloride
    J. Copper
    K. Interactions with Other Nutrients
    L. Iron
    M. Manganese
    N. Molybdenum
    O. Zinc
    P. Soil pH
    Q. Interaction with Other Nutrients
    R. Soil Organic Matter
    S. Irrigation
    T. Leaching
    U. Cold, Wet Soils
    V. Soil Biological Activity
9. Soil Degradation in India
    A. Concept of Soil Degradation
    B. Soils v/s Land Degradation
    C. Causes of Soil Degradation
    D. Problem of Soil Degradation
        (a) Soil Erosion
            - Factors Affecting Soil Erosion
            - Causes of Soil Erosion
            - Effects of Soil Erosion
            - Magnitude of the Problem in India
            - Some Examples of Soil Erosion
        (b) Loss of Fertility by Mismanagement
            - Unscientific Cropping Practice
            - Imbalancing of Nutrients
            - Loss of Organic Matter
            - Soil Pollution
        (c) Salin ity/Alkalin ity
        (d) Acidity
        (e) Waterlogging
        (f) Deterioration of Soil Structure
        (g) Floods and Droughts
        (h) Desertification
    E. Measures to Check Land Degradation
    F. Degraded Lands v/s Wastelands v/s Problem Soil
    G. Wastelands
    H. Types of Wastelands
        (a) Culturable Wastelands
        (b) Unculturable Wasteland
    I. Wasteland Development
    J. Problem Soil
    K. Problem Soils having Physical Constraints
        (a) Highly Eroded Soils, Ravines and Soils on Sloping Lands.
        (b) Methods to Check Soil Erosion
        (c) Biological Measures
        (d) Mechanical Measure
        (e) Highly Permeable Soils Slowly Permeable Soils, Crusting Soils and Red Chalka Soils
        (f) Management Techniques
    L. Problem Soils Having Chemical Constraints
        (a) Acids Soils
            - Reclamation
            - Lime Requirement
            - Acid Tolerance of Crops
        (b) Salt-Affected Soils
            - Management of Salt-Affected Soils
    M. Land Capability Classification
    N. Capability Sub-classes
    O. Significance of Land Capability Classification in Landuse
    P. Planning
10. Soils of India
    A. Alluvial Soils
    B. Black or Regur Soils
    C. Red Soils
    D. Laterite Soils
    E. Forest Soils
    F. Mountain Soils
    G. Desert Soils
    H. Saline and Alkaline Soils
    I. Peaty Soil
11. Soil Pollution
    A. Nature of Agrochemicals and Implications to Soil
    B. Environment Quality
    C. Asian Countries
    D. Adverse Impacts of Agrochemicals on Soil Quality
    E. Agrochemicals and Soil Environment Quality
    F. Pesticides and Other Xenobiotics
    G. Major Sources of Xenobiotics
    H. Behavior of Xenobiotics
    I. Reaction of Xenobiotics (Pesticides) with Soil
    J. Trace Elements (Heavy Metals)
    K. Nitrogen Fertilizers
    L. Changes in Soil pH Due to Fertilizer Addition
    M. Phosphate Fertilizers
        (a) Potassium Fertilizers
        (b) hate Fertilizers
        (c) other Chemicals
    N. Environmental Effect of Soil Acidification
    O. Soil Exposure Assessment in Environmental Risk
    P. Assessment
    Q. Remediation of Chemically Degraded Soil
        (a) Agricultural Pesticides
        (b) Organic Waste
            - Human and Civic Waste
            - Agricultural Wastes
            - Crop Wastes
            - Infectious Organisms
            - Industrial Waste
            - Heavy Metals
            - Fertilizers
            - Radioactivity
            - Detergents
            - Acid Rains
12. Fertilizer: An introduction
    A. Methods of Applying Fertilizers
    B. Application of Fertilizers in Solid Form
        (a) Broadcasting
        (b) Placement
        (c) Localized Placement
    C. Application of Liquid Fertilizers
        (a) Starter Solutions
        (b) Foliar Application
        (c) Direct Application of Liquid Fertilizers to the Soil
        (d) Direct Application of Liquid Fertilizers through Irrigation
        (e) Water
13. Nitrogenous Fertilizers
    A. Types of Nitrogenous Fertilizers
    B. General Characteristics of the Six Groups
    C. Manufacturing Processes and General Properties of Common Nitrogenous Fertilisers
        (a) Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4)2 SO4]
        (b) By-product of Coal and Steel Industry
        (c) Gypsum Process
        (d) Direct Neutralization
        (e) Effect of Ammonium Sulphate on Soil
    D. Ammonium Chloride
        (a) Direct Reactions
        (b) Modified Solvay Process
        (c) Effect of Ammonium Chloride on Soil
    E. Urea [CO(NH2)2]
        (a) Synthesis of Ammonia
            - Urea Finishing Techniques
        (b) Effect on Soil
    F. Sodium Nitrate (NaN03)
        (a) Effect of Sodium Nitrate on Soil
    G. Mixed Ammoniacal Cum Nitrate Fertilizers
    H. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
    I. Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate
        (a) Effect of Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate on Soil
    J. Ammonium Nitrate
        (a) Effect of Ammonium Nitrate on Soil
        (b) Storage Care of Ammonium Nitrate
        (c) Factors Affecting Retention of Ammonia in Soils
    K. Nitrogenous Fertilizers (Not Marketed in India)
    L. Slow Release Nitrogenous Fertilizers
    M. Urea Formaldehyde
    N. Crotonylidenediurea (2-0xy 4-methyl 6-Uridohexahydrous Pyrimidine)
    O. Oxamide (CONH2)2
    P. Coated Fertilizers
    Q. Metal Ammonium Phosphate
    R. Nitrification Inhibitors
14. Phosphatic Fertilisers
    A. Forms of Phosphates
    B. Classification of Phosphatic Fertilizers
    C. Manufacturing Processes and Properties of Phosphatic
    D. Fertilizers
    E. Single Superphosphate
    F. Enriched Superphosphate
    G. Modified Forms of Single Superphosphate
        (a) Boronated Single Superphosphate
        (b) Zincated Single Superphosphate
    H. Tripie Superphosphate
    I. Ammonium Phosphates
    J. Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate
    K. Ammonium Phosphate Nitrate
    L. Nitrophosphates
    M. Ammonium Polyphosphate
    N. Bonemeal
        (a) Bonemeal Raw or Untreated Bonemeal
        (b) Bonemeal Steamed
        (c) Bone Charcoal
    O. Basic Slag (By Product Phosphorous Source)
    P. Rock Phosphate
        (a) Effect of Rock Phosphate on Soil Reaction
        (b) Effect of Rock Phosphate on Crops
    Q. Dicalcium Phosphate
    R. Other Phosphatic Fertilizers (Not Consumed in India)
15. Potassic Fertilizers
    A. Potassium Chloride
    B. Production
    C. Removal of Sodium Chloride
        (a) Fractional Crystallization
        (b) Froth Floatation
    D. Removal of Magnesium Chloride
    E. Removal of Magnesium Sulphate
    F. Properties
    G. Production
        (a) Decantation Process or Langbeinite Process
        (b) Glaserite Process
        (c) First Step
        (d) Second Step
    H. Properties
    I. Mixed Fertilizers
16. Fertilizer Sources Containing Secondary and Micronutrients
    A. Fertilizer Sources Containing Secondary Nutrients
        (a) Calcium Sources
        (b) Magnesium Sources
        (c) Sulphur Sources
    B. Fertilizer Sources Containing Micronutrients
        (a) Boron Sources
        (b) Copper Sources
        (c) Iron Sources
        (d) Manganese Sources
        (e) Molybdenum Sources
        (f) Zinc Sources
17. Efficient Use of Fertilizers
    A. Agronomic Practices
        (a) Choice of Crop and Variety
        (b) Judicious Use of Fertilizers
        (c) Weed Control
        (d) Water Management
    B. More Efficient Fertilizer Materials
    C. Integrated Nutrient Management
18. Soil Fertility Evaluation and Fertilizer Recommendations
    A. Soil Fertility Evaluation Techniques
        (a) Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms.
        (b) Biological Tests
        (c) Plant Analysis
        (d) Soil Testing
    B. Fertilizer Recommendations Involving Soil Tests
    C. Follow-up Trials
19. Balanced Fertilization
    A. Principles of Balanced Fertilisation
        (a) Nutrient and Crop Yield Relationship
        (b) Nutrient Interactions in Plant
        (c) Nutrient Behaviour in Soil
    B. Concept of Balanced Fertilisation
    C. Practical Implications
    D. Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS)
        (a) Concept
        (b) Components of the System
            - Soil Source
        (c) Mineral Fertilizers
        (d) Organic Sources
        (e) Biological Sources (Biofertilizers)
    E. Future Need
20. Fertilizer Policy Issues for (2000-2025)
    A. fertilizers, an Essential and Critical Input for Agricultural Production and Food Security-An Assessment of Future Needs
    B. Organic Manurial Resources
    C. Green Manuring and Incorporation of Legumes
    D. fertilizers
    E. Phosphorous and Potassium (P and K)
        (a) Sulphur
        (b) Micronutrients
    F. Soil Amendments
    G. Soil Testing
    H. Fertilizer and Soil Health
    I. Fertilizer Pricing Policies
21. Manure: An Introduction
    A. Composting to Enhance the Usefulness and Acceptability of Organic Materials
    B. Special Management Practices for Utilization of Organic Materials on Land
    C. Agricultural Waste/Organic Manure
    D. Utilization of Agricultural Waste
    E. Collection and Storage of Agricultural Waste
    F. Bulky Organic Manures
    G. Farmyard Manure
    H. Composted Manure
    I. Urban Compost
    J. Biogas Slurry
    K. Sewage and Sludge
    L. Night-soil
    M. Green Manuring
        (a) Green Manuring In Situ
        (b) Green Leaf Manuring
    N. Concentrated Organic Manures
    O. Oilcakes
    P. Meatmeal
    Q. Bloodmeal
    R. Fishmeal
    S. Horn-and-Hoofmeal
    T. Macro and Micronutrient Availability
    U. Economic Value of Organic Manures
22. Composting
    A. Selection of Site
    B. Indore Method
        (a) The Materials Needed for Composting
        (b) Method of Filling the Pits
        (c) Turning
    C. Bangalore Method
        (a) Method of Filling the Pit
    D. Nadep Method
        (a) Selection of Site and Compost Making by 'Nadep Method'
        (b) Materials Required for Nadep Compost
        (c) Method of Filling the Tank
        (d) Second Filling
    E. Production of Composts: General
        (a) Compost Bin as Factory.
        (b) What to Put in Heap?
        (c) Factors for Decomposition
            - The Aerobic Heap
            - Temperature
            - Moisture
        (d) Ingredients to Avoid.
        (e) Activators of Biodegradation
        (f) When and Where to Spread Wastes/Manure?
        (g) Rate of Application
    F. How to Get Maximum Benefit From the Nutrients in Agricultural Waste/Manures?
   G. Effect on Soil and Crop
23. Biofertilizers / Microbial Inoculant
    A. Biological Fertilizers
    B. Soil Biota in Sustainable Agriculture
    C. Biodiversity of Soil Biota
        (a) Possible Management Strategies
    D. Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture
    E. History of Biofertilizer Research
    F. lomical and Environmental Benefits
    G. Development of Biofertilizer Industry
    H. Groups of Biofertilizers
    I. Types of Biofertilizers
        (a) Rhizobium Inoculant
        (b) Azotobacter Inoculant
        (c) Azospirillum Incoculant
        (d) Blue-Green Algae Inoculant
        (e) Azolla-anabaena Symbiosis.
        (f) Mycorrhizae: Special Method for Obtaining Essential
        (g) Elements
        (h) Phosphate Mobilising Biofertilizers
    J. Techniques of Biofertilizer Application
        (a) Seed Treatment
        (b) Seedling Root Dip
        (c) Soil Application
    K. Granular Biofertilizers
        (a) Solarisation ofFYM/Compost
        (b) Granular Biofertilizer Mixed with Seed
        (c) Broadcasting of Granular Biofertilizers
    L. Cost Effectiveness of Biofertilizers
    M. Biofertilizers and Sustainable Agriculture
    N. Soil Conditioners
    O. Aquatic Weeds as Fertilizer
24. Vermicomposting
    A. Economic Implications of Vermicomposting
    B. Materials for Vermicomposting
    C. Preliminary Treatment of Composting Material
    D. Types of Vermicomposting
        (a) Small Scale or Indoor Vermicomposting
        (b) Large Scale or Outdoor Vermicomposting
        (c) Other Types ofVermi-Composting
    E. Requirements for Vermicomposting
    F. Vermicomposting Schemes
        (a) Maintenance of Vermicomposting Beds
        (b) Collection ofVermicompost.
    G. Vermicomposting Efficiency
    H. Transporation of Live Worms
    I. Application of Vermicompost
        (a) Flower or Garden pots
        (b) In Horticulture
        (c) In Agriculture
25. Ecofriendly Farming System
    A. Sustainable Agriculture: Need of the Hour
    B. Evolution of Sustainable Agriculture
    C. Eco-Friendly Farming Systems
    D. Organic Agriculture System (Organic Farming)
        (a) The Major Aims of Organic Farming
        (b) Concept of Organic Farming
    E. Options in Organic Farming
        (a) Pure Organic Farming
        (b) Integrated Green Revolution Farming
        (c) Integrated Farming System
    F. Components of Organic Farming
        (a) Green Manuring
    G. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
    H. Other Bacteria
    I. Multiplication
        (a) Trough Method
        (b) Pit Method
        (c) Field Method for Large Scale Production
    J. Vermiculture Biotechnology
    K. Earthworm for Nutrient Management
        (a) Effect on Soil Fertility
        (b) Phosphorus
        (c) Potassium
    L. Earthworms for Water Management
        (a) Earthworm Castings
    M. Earthworms for Effective Waste Management
    N. Composting of Municipal and Industrial Wastes
    O. Earthworms for Disease and Pest Management
    P. Earthworms for Nutritional Crops
    Q. Earthworms for Sustainable Agriculture and Wasteland Development
    R. Earthworms as Vectors of Beneficial Microorganisms
    S. Harnessing Vermiculture Biotechnology
        (a) Selection of Proper Species
        (b) Earthworms and Land Use Practices
    T. Procedure to Prepare Vermicompost
        (a) Culturing Technique
        (b) Culture Bed
        (c) Feed Composition
        (d) Feed Application
        (e) Wormcast Production and Collection
    U. Application of Vermicompost
    V. Composting of Agriculture and Industrial Wastes
    W. Agricultural Wastes
    X. Industrial Wastes
        (a) Composting of Pressmud
    Y. Weed Management in Organic Farming
    Z. Cultural Methods of Weed Control
        (a) Tillage
        (b) Tillage Combined with Irrigation
        (c) Timing
        (d) Seeding Rates and Cultivar Selection
        (e) Cropping Systems
        (f) Use of Animals
        (g) Flooding
        (h) Mulching
        (i) Fire
        (j) Composting
        (k) Hoeing and Hand Weeding
        (l) Farmer's Care
        (m) Straw Disposal
    AA. Biological Control of Weeds Using Insects
        (a) Weed Suitability to Biological Control
        (b) Classical Approach
    BB. Use of Pathogens in Weed Superession
        (a) Mycoherbicides
        (b) Use of Seed-borne and Seed Infecting Microorganisms,
    CC. Parasitic Weeds
        (a) Management Strategies for Parasitic Weeds
        (b) Cultural Methods
        (c) Mixed Cropping
    DD. Pest Management in Organic Farming
        (a) New Molecular Development
        (b) Biotechnology
    EE. Pest Management Methods
        (a) Biological Alternatives
        (b) Organically Acceptable Chemical Alternatives
        (c) Cultural Alternatives
    FF. Biological Control
        (a) Advantages of Bio-control
        (b) Botanical Pesticides
        (c) Bacterial Insecticides
        (d) Viral Insecticides
        (e) Biological Control in Field Crops
    GG. Botanies for Storage Pest Control
        (a) Seed Treatment with Materials of Plant Origin for Insect Control
        (b) Active Principle
    HH. Cultural Practices/Ecological Methods
        (a) Optimum Site Conditions
        (b) Diversity Over Time
            - Rotations
            - Agronomic Manipulation
        (c) Habitant Enhancement
        (d) Role of Non-crop Vegetation
        (e) Trap Crops
        (f) Constructed Traps
        (g) Plant Resistance to Pests
    II. Traditional Practices for Pest Control
    JJ. Crop Residue Management
    KK. Crop Residue Components
    LL. Effect on Soil Management
    MM. Residues with Fertilizer
    NN. Effect of Residues on N Fertilization
    OO. Integrated Nutrient Management Towards Sustainable
    PP. Agriculture
    QQ. Integrated Farming System
    RR. Integration of Subsystem in Farming System
    SS. Biological Farming
    TT. Nature Farming
    UU. Regenerative Agriculture
    VV. Alternate Agriculture
    WW. Ecological Agriculture
    XX. Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS)
    YY. Low External Input Supply Agriculture (LEISA)
        (a) Low-Input Agriculture
        (b) Criteria fo r LEISA
    ZZ. Biodynamic Agriculture
        (a) Organic Farming vs. Biodynamic Farming
        (b) Principles of Biodynamic Farming
        (c) Rules for using Biodynamic Agriculture
        (d) Few Biodynamic Preparations
        (e) Research Achievements in Biodynamic Farming
    AAA. Permaculture Farming
        (a) Permaculture
        (b) Meaning and Objectives of Permaculture Farming
        (c) The Elements of the Permaculture Farming System
26. Glossary