Biofuel Crops: Cultivation and Management
ABOUT
THE BOOK: Self reliance in energy is vital for the economic
development of any nation. The alternate source of energy that is renewable,
safe and non-polluting assumes top priority in view of the shrinking "Natural
Fossil Fuel". More than 100 different tree bom oilseeds are available in India
as well as in the world, which can be exploited for extraction of oil.
At present, increasing interest has been arising across the country towards the
utility of non-edible oil from Jatropha, Sweet sorghum and Sugar beet for
biofuels production. We believe that there are many scientists, farmers and
NGO's involved in research on the major energy crops viz., Jatropha, Sweet
sorghum and Sugar beet. Their main interest is to know the cultivation of crops,
Bio-diesel and ethanol production. Although many people who talked about energy
crops theoretically, but the practical exposure seems to be scanty. In this
book, we are concerned with the practical exposure to the researchers, students
and farmers. Our aim is to consider the theoretical principles and experimental
results for better understanding and implications of changes in management of
energy crops and bio fuel production.
The approaches are applicable in all climatic zones of India and similar
countries. We try to draw the best examples, from a range of locations. Although
our focus is pointed towards Jatropha and bio diesel production, we also
emphasized the importance of Sweet sorghum and Sugar beet on cultivation as well
as ethanol production.
This book can therefore be considered as a book on the application of practical
knowledge in energy crops in general, but Jatropha and biodiesel production in
particular.
AUTHOR'S: K. Vairavan, P. Thukkaiyannan, M. Paramathma, P. Venkatachalam and A. Sampathrajan | ISBN: 9788177543162 | YEAR: 2007 - First Edition | PAGES: 150 | SIZE: 14 X 21 X 1 cm. | BINDING: Hard | LANGUAGE: English
ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Professor Dr. K. Vairavan, bom in 1954 from Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu State in India. He has graduated from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in the year 1977. The outstanding performance in the under graduate programme earned him an I.C.A.R. Junior fellow ship. Completed his Post Graduation and Doctor of Philosophy in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. He has completed his Post Doctoral Fellowship training at I.R.R.I., Philippines in the year 1998. Now working as Professor of Agronomy at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban in Pudukkottai District of Tamil Nadu. Guided several students for M.Sc. and Ph.D. Programmes. His findings were aired in 54 scientific articles, 69 popular articles, 15 Technical bulletins and nine symposium papers. Most of his findings were incorporated in the crop production manual and released as management technologies for benefitting the extension personnels and farmers. He got the best extension worker award during the year 2003.
CONTENTS:
JATROPHA (Jatropha curcas)
1. RENEWABLE FUEL ENERGY
a. Why Renewable Energy?
b. Energy Scenario - Global
c. Energy Scenario - India
d. Alternate Fuel
e. Current Status of Biodiesel
f. Ecological Advantages
g. Avoids Health Hazards
h. Machinery Importance
2. VARIETAL IMPROVEMENTS
a. Germplasm
b. Hybridization in Jatropha
i. Land Races
and Varieties
ii. Breeding
for High Yielding Varieties in Jatropha
iii. Variety
iv. Hybrids
3. QUALITY SEED MATERIAL
a. Selection of Seed Sources
b. Time of Harvest of Fruits
c. Method of Harvest
d. Selection of Fruits
e. Storage of Seeds
4. NURSERY
a. Containerized Nursery
b. Bare Root Seedling Nursery
c. Root Trainer Nursery
d. Pre-sowing Seed Treatments
e. Shifting
f. Grading
g. Weeding and Irrigation
h. Artificial Shade on Nursery Beds
i. Propagation by Stem Cuttings
j. Propagating Structures
5. MAIN FIELD PLANTATION
a. Factors Influencing the Jatropha
Cultivation
i. Soil
ii. Climate
iii. Seed
Treatment and Sowing
iv. Seedlings
v. Direct
Sowing
vi. Spacing
vii. Manures
and Fertilizers
b. Cultural Operations
i.
Preparatory Cultivation
ii. Weeding
iii. Pruning
iv.
Intercropping
v. Irrigation
vi. Plant
Protection
vii. Harvest
c. Approximate Cost of Cultivation
for Jatropha
i. Rainfed
(Direct Seeding)
ii. Irrigated
(Seedlings)
iii. Drip
Irrigated (Seedlings)
d. Approximate Benefits from Jatropha
Cultivation
i. Rainfed
(Direct Seeding)
ii. Irrigated
(Seedlings)
iii. Drip
Irrigated (Seedlings)
6. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
a. Role of Major Nutrients
b. Role of Minor Nutrients
c. Growth Regulators
7. PLANT PROTECTION
a. Pest Management of Jatropha
i. Arthropod
Diversity
b. Major Pests
i. Leaf
Webber, Salebria morosalis (SaalmUller)
c. Scutellarid Bugs
i. Scutellera
nobilis Fabricious
ii.
Chrysocoris purpureus (Westw.)
iii. Thrips:
Retithrips syriacus (Mayet)
iv. Red
Spider Mite: Tetranychus urticae (Koch)
v. Yellow
Mite: Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)
d. Minor Pests
i. Tailed
Mealy Bug: Ferrisia virgata
ii. Control
e. Disease Management In Jatropha
f. Nursery Diseases and Control
i. Damping
offFusarium moniliforme
g. Symptoms
i. Control
ii. Foliar
Diseases and Control
iii. Control
iv. Bacterial
and Viral Diseases
v. Leaf Curl
(Nair and Wilson 1970)
vi. Mosaic
Disease
vii. Soil
Borne Diseases and Control
viii. Dry
Root Rot
ix.
Management of Root Rot Disease
x. Newly
Established Plantations
h. Well Established Old Plantations
8. JATROPHA SEED CRUSHING TECHNOLOGY
a. Processing and Handling
i.
Decorticator
b. Oil Extraction Methods
c. Traditional Indian Mills 'Ghanis'
d. Improved Traditional Mills 'Power
Ghanis'
e. Mechanical Screw Presses (Oil
Expeller)
i. Solvent
Extraction Method
9. BIODIESEL PROPERTY MEASUREMENT
a. Specific Gravity
b. Kinematic Viscosity
c. Flash Point
d. Distillation Temperature
e. Cetane Index
f. Cloud Point
g. Pour Point
h. Copper Strip Corrosion
10. BIODIESEL STABILITY MEASUREMENT
a. Lubricity
11. CHEMISTRY OF BIODIESEL
a. Raw Materials for Biodiesel
Production
b. Vegetable Oils
c. Alcohol
d. Catalyst
e. Transesterification of Vegetable
Oils
12. TECHNOLOGY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
a. Base Catalyzed Transesterification
Process
b. Acid Catalyzed Transesterification
Process
c. Reaction Process Options
d. Batch Processing
e. Batch Process for Acid
Esterification
f. TNAU Biodiesel Pilot Plant
g. Process Flow Chart
h. Mechanics of the
Transesterification Process
i. Post Production Process
i. Refining
(Cleaning)
ii. Biodiesel/Glycerol
Separation
iii.
Neutralization before Water Wash
iv. Water
Washing
v. Drying
vi. Filtering
vii. Other
Treatments
j. Additization of Esters
k. Storage of Biodiesel
SWEET SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor)
1. SWEET SORGHUM
a. Potential
i. Alcohol
ii. Energy
Production
2. IMPROVEMENT AND HYBRIDIZATION
a. Genetic Diversity
b. Genetic Inheritance of Sugar
Content in Sorghum Stalk
i. Sugar
Content in Sorghum Stem belonging to Quantitative Inheritance
ii. Genes
Controlling Low Sugar Content was Partially Dominant
c. Gene Action
d. Genetic Improvement
e. Sweet Sorghum Hybrids
f. Evaluation of Sweet Sorghum
Genotypes for Ethanol Yield
i. ICRISAT
3. CROP MANAGEMENT
a. Climate and Soil
i. Seed Rate
ii. Seed
Treatment
iii. Sowing
iv.
Fertilization
v. Weed
Management
vi.
Irrigation
b. Plant Protection
i. Pest
Management
c. Disease Management
i. Downy
Mildew
ii. Head
Mould
d. Sugary Disease
i. Rust
e. Harvest
SUGARBEET (Beta vulgaris)
1. SUGARBEET POTENTIAL
2. HYBRIDS AND DURATION
a. Climate and Soil
b. Season
3. CULTURAL OPERATIONS
a. Field Preparation
i. Seeds and
Sowing
ii. Weeding
and Earthing Up
iii. Manures
and Fertilizers
iv.
Irrigation
b. Plant Protection
4. HARVEST AND YIELD
REVIEW ON ENERGY CROPS
1. JATROPHA (Jatropha curcas L.)
a. Crop Geometry and Architecture
b. Intercrops
c. Crop Nutrition
d. Irrigation
2. SWEET SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor)
a. Worldwide Programmes
b. In Abroad
c. In India
i. Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University
3. SUGARBEET (Beta vulgaris)
a. Work Done so Far
BIBLIOGRAPHY
